famous indian scientists

The Sushruta Samhita is a Sanskrit redaction text on surgery The original work is attributed to Sushruta, likely a historical physician from the 6th century BC Varanasi, although the text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD It is one of three foundational texts of Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine), alongside the Charaka Samhita and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript The original text however is lost and modifications and edited versions are currently available (Ruthkow IM (1961) Great Ideas in the History of Surgery, pp 57 Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company in Anatomy in ancient India: a focus on the Susruta Samhita Journal of Anatomy 2010)
The Sushruta Samhita, in its current form, contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources The text discusses surgical techniques of making incisions, probing, extraction of foreign bodies, alkali and thermal cauterization, tooth extraction, excisions, and trocars for draining abscess draining hydrocele and ascitic fluid, the removal of the prostate gland, urethral stricture dilatation, vesiculolithotomy, hernia surgery, caesarian section, management of haemorrhoids, fistulae, laparotomy and management of intestinal obstruction, perforated intestines, and accidental perforation of the abdomen with protrusion of omentum and the principles of fracture management, viz, traction, manipulation, appositions and stabilization including some measures of rehabilitation and fitting of prosthetics It enumerates six types of dislocations, twelve varieties of fractures, and classification of the bones and their reaction to the injuries, and gives a classification of eye diseases including cataract surgery

Swapan Chattopadhyay (born December 26, 1951) is a particle accelerator physicist noted for his pioneering contributions of innovative concepts, techniques and developments in high energy particle colliders, coherent and incoherent light sources, ultrafast sciences in the femto and atto second regimes, superconducting linear accelerators and various applications of interaction of particle and light beams He has directly contributed to the development of many accelerators around the world, eg the Super ProtonAntiproton Synchrotron and the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the Advanced Light Source at Berkeley, the asymmetricenergy electronpositron collider PEPII at Stanford, the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab and the FreeElectron Lasers at Jefferson and Daresbury Laboratories Chattopadhyay currently holds a triple appointment as the Sir John Cockcroft Chair of Physics jointly at the Universities of Liverpool, Manchester and Lancaster the First Chair of accelerator physics in UK, named after the British Nobel Laureate credited with creating the field Concurrently, he is the Inaugural Director of the international centre of accelerator science and technology, the Cockcroft Institute (UK), opened officially by the UK Minister of Science Lord Sainsbury in 2006

Thanu Padmanabhan (born 10 March 1957) is an Indian theoretical physicist and Cosmologist whose research spans a wide variety of topics in Gravitation, Structure formation in the universe and Quantum Gravity He has published more than 230 papers and reviews in international journals and ten books in these areas Many of his contributions, especially those related to the analysis and modelling of dark energy in the universe and the interpretation of gravity as an emergent phenomenon, have made significant impact in the field He is currently a distinguished professor at the InterUniversity Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, (IUCAA) at Pune, India
Born in 1957, Padmanabhan did his schooling in Thiruvananthapuram and earned his BSc (1977) and MSc (1979) in Physics, securing Gold Medals in both for graduating at the top of his class, from the University College, Kerala University He published his first research paper (on general relativity) when he was still a BSc student, at the age of 20 He joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai in 1979 for his PhD and became a faculty member there in 1980 He held various faculty positions at TIFR during 19801992 and also spent a year (in 198687) at the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge He moved to IUCAA in 1992 and took over as its Dean, Core Academic Programmes, in 1997, which is the position he is currently holding Padmanabhan has also served as Adjunct Faculty of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Mumbai), the HarishChandra Research Institute (Allahabad), the Raman Research Institute (Bangalore) and the Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER, Pune) at different periods in his career He is the elected President of the Cosmology Commission (20092012) of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and Chairman of the Astrophysics Commission (20112014) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) He has also been a Visiting Faculty at many institutes including the California Institute of Technology, Princeton University, and a Sackler Distinguished Astronomer of the Institute of Astronomy, CambridgeHe is married to Dr Vasanthi Padmanabhan, who has a PhD in astrophysics from TIFR, Mumbai and has one daughter, Hamsa Padmanabhan

Tej P Singh is an Indian biophysicist and a scientific leader who has made original and novel contributions in the fields of Rational Structure based drug design, Protein Structure biology and Xray crystallography He has played an active role in the development of research programmes on drug design in the fields of Tuberculosis, Inflammation, Cancer, Epilepsy, Gastropathy and Arthritis in India He has published more than 350 research papers in leading international journals and has submitted the highest number of protein structures in India in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) He has been nominated as a fellow of six national and international academies, namely, the Third World Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Sciences, Indian Academy of Sciences, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and Biotech Research Society of India He has been awarded various national and international awards over the years, for instance, the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lecture Award of INSA (2011), Annual Award of the Instrumentation Society of India (2011), CSIR Foundation Day Lecture award (2010), Goyal Prize in Life Sciences (2007), Professor GN Ramachandran CSIR Gold Medal for the Excellence in Biological Sciences and Technology (2006) and, Professor GN Ramachandran 60th Birthday Commemoration INSA Medal (2006)

Udupi Ramachandra Rao, popularly known as U R Rao is a space scientist and former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation Presently he is the Chairman of the Governing Council of the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad Rao was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1976 He was inducted into the Satellite Hall of Fame, Washington on March 19, 2013 at a ceremony organised by the Society of Satellite Professionals International With this he became the first Indian to be inductedU R Rao was born at Adamaru in Karnataka State, India His parents were Lakshminarayana Acharya and Krishnaveni Amma He had his primary education at Adamaru He completed his secondary education from Christian High School, Udupi He completed his BSc in Government Arts and Science College, Anantpur, MSc from Banaras Hindu University and PhD at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad under the guidance of Dr Vikram SarabhaiRao started his career as a cosmic ray scientist, under the Dr Vikram Sarabhai, which work he continued at MIT In association with the JPL Group, he was the first to establish the continuous nature of the solar wind and its effect on geomagnetism using Mariner 2 observations Raos experiments on a number of Pioneer and Explorer spacecraft led to a complete understanding of the solar cosmic ray phenomena and the electromagnetic state of the interplanetary space Convinced of the imperative need to use space technology for rapid development, Rao undertook the responsibility for the establishment of satellite technology in India in 1972 Under his guidance, beginning with the first Indian satellite Aryabhata in 1975, over 18 satellites including Bhaskara, APPLE, Rohini, INSAT1 and INSAT2 series of multipurpose satellites and the IRS1A and IRS1B remote sensing satellites were designed, fabricated and launched for providing communication, remote sensing and meteorological services

Vijay Bhatkar is an Indian scientist Indias computer magazine Dataquest has placed him among the star pioneers who shaped Indias IT industryBhatkar is best known as the architect of Indias national initiative in supercomputing where he led the development of Param supercomputers He developed the first Indian supercomputer, the Param 8000, in 1991 and then later the Param 10000 in 1998 Based on the Param series of supercomputers, he built the National Param Supercomputing Facility (NPSF) which has been now made available as a grid computing facility through Garuda grid on the National Knowledge Network (NKN) providing nationwide access to High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure Currently, Bhatkar is working on exascale supercomputing via the Capability, Capacity and Infrastructure on National Knowledge Network Bhatkar has authored/edited over 12 books and 80 technical and research papers and addressed several university convocations, international and national conferences and conventions and public functions

V Balakrishnan (born 1943 as Venkataraman Balakrishnan) is an Indian theoretical physicist who has worked in a number of fields of areas, including particle physics, manybody theory, the mechanical behavior of solids, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and quantum dynamics He is an accomplished researcher who has made important contributions to the theory of anelasticity, continuoustime random walks, and recurrences in dynamical systems He received his PhD from Brandeis University in 1970 After a decade at TIFR and IGCAR Kalpakkam, he joined IIT Madras as a Professor of Physics in 1980 He was elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1985 In addition to his research, Balakrishnan is a popular and noted teacher of Physics, known for his engaging teaching style, which combines physical insight, mathematical rigor, and wry wit He has taught a very wide range of courses over the past 30 years from introductory physics to quantum field theory to dynamical systems Two of his courses (38 lectures on classical physics and 31 on quantum physics) taught at IIT Madras through National_Programme_on_Technology_Enhanced_Learning are available on YouTube, and are extremely popular, having received about 1 million views in all (as of December 2011) In addition to that, a third series appeared in June, 2014 on Mathematical Physics which continues to blow off minds of young physics enthusiasts
Balakrishnan has authored the book Elements of Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics (CRC Press 2008), and has coauthored the book Beyond the Crystalline State: An Emerging Perspective (Springer 1989) Preliminary drafts of a comprehensive book on Mathematical Physics based on his courses have been circulated, and the book will likely appear in print in 2012 His wife, Radha Balakrishnan, is a theoretical physicist who works on nonlinear dynamics (in particular, solitons and integrable systems) His son, Hari Balakrishnan, is currently the Fujitsu Professor of Computer Science at MIT His daughter, Hamsa Balakrishnan, is also on the faculty at MIT as an Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Yellapragada Subbarow (12 January 1895 ? 9 August 1948) was an Indian biochemist who discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate as an energy source in the cell, and developed methotrexate for the treatment of cancer Most of his career was spent in the United States Despite his isolation of ATP, Subbarow was denied tenure at Harvard and remained without a green card throughout his life, though he would lead some of Americas most important medical research during World War IIHe was born to a Niyogi Telugu speaking brahmin family in Bhimavaram of the Old Madras Presidency, now in West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh He passed through a traumatic period in his schooling at Rajahmundry (due to the premature death of close relatives by disease) and eventually matriculated in his third attempt from the Hindu High School, Madras He passed the Intermediate Examination from the Presidency College and entered the Madras Medical College where his education was supported by friends and Kasturi Suryanarayana Murthy, whose daughter he later married Following Gandhis call to boycott British goods he started wearing khadi surgical dress; this incurred the displeasure of M C Bradfield, his surgery professor Consequently, though he did well in his written papers, he was awarded the lesser LMS certificate and not a full MBBS degree Subbarow tried to enter the Madras Medical Service without success He then took up a job as Lecturer in Anatomy at Dr Lakshmipathis Ayurvedic College at Madras He was fascinated by the healing powers of Ayurvedic medicines and began to engage in research to put Ayurveda on a modern footing A chance meeting with an American doctor, who was visiting on a Rockefeller Scholarship, changed his mind The promise of support from Malladi Satyalingam Naicker Charities in Kakinada, and financial assistance raised by his fatherinlaw, enabled Subbarow to proceed to the US He arrived in Boston on 26 October 1922